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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Rising from the Ashes: Turning Mourning into Contemplation

Rising from the Ashes: Turning Mourning into Contemplation

17 Dec 2025
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浴火重生:化哀思為反思

2025年11月26日下午2時51分,一場大火燒毀了大埔宏福苑7座大廈。43小時的熊熊大火,奪去了至少160個鮮活的生命,帶走了1000多個家庭的所有,更隱沒了所有香港人的笑容。撕心裂肺的呼喊,萬念俱灰的淚水,不見盡頭的蜿蜒弔唁人龍,堆積如山的白色菊花。香港,乃至世界,在沖天的烈焰中,任悲哀肆虐,任傷痛蔓延。

這不是香港第一次災難性的大火,更不是世界大城市中首次造成大規模死傷的火災。在美國,從紐約1911年三角內衣工廠大火,到波士頓1942年椰林夜總會大火,再到芝加哥1958年聖母天使學校大火。每一場大火都是意料之中的意外,每一場厄災災後都是痛定思痛的徹查,而每一個逝去的性命都換來我們今天的倖存。

回顧美國三場大火,以至大埔火災,縱然時代不同,地域各異,卻都有相似得驚人的背景貫串其中。

燒出紐約良心的工廠大火

1911年3月25日下午4時40分,大火從曼哈頓三角內衣工廠第8層的碎布和紙樣,迅速蔓延到第9至第10層,車間內因存放着大量可燃物品(布料碎屑、木製桌椅),並缺乏自動灑水系統,以致火勢一發不可收拾。為防工人偷懶,工廠更將逃生門上鎖,女工逃生無路,僅有1部容納10人的升降機和1座外置逃生梯也在高溫與負載下坍塌。加上當時消防車雲梯高度只能夠到第6至第7層,難以救援高層。最後146人葬身火海,其中多為十幾到二十幾歲的移民女工。

這場火災被視為美國勞工安全與城市消防監管的分水嶺。紐約州設立「工廠調查委員會」,對各行業工作條件進行大規模調查與聽證,隨後通過了大約30項健康與安全法例,涵蓋消防規範,包括工廠安裝自動灑水系統、舉行定期消防演練與張貼疏散路線指引;以及建築與出入口要求,例如多重安全出口、合格的消防逃生設施,出口門盡量向外開等,並強化執法與檢查。

令人唏噓的是,相關條文法規(如工作時段出入口不得上鎖)在火災前就已設立,但從立法到執法,竟以146名女工的寶貴生命作為代價。

生死攸關的椰林旋轉門

1942年11月28日晚上10時15分,大火從波士頓椰林夜總會地下層波及整座單層建築。大量易燃裝飾(人造棕櫚、布簾、仿皮與竹藤面)加速了火勢蔓延,加上緊急出口門被鎖,唯一主入口的旋轉門很快被人群堵死。當晚夜總會裡容納了超過1000人,加上缺乏應急照明和自動灑水系統,結果492人命歸黃泉。

這次美國史上最致命的夜總會火災,直接推動了各州公共集會場所的消防及建築法規與執法力度的系統升級。自此,公共營業場所禁止使用高燃性裝飾材料(如大面積布簾),緊急出口必須可由內部開啟且保持解鎖,旋轉門不可作為唯一或主要疏散出口,旁邊必須設置外開平開門,嚴格控制場所的最高容納人數,保持疏散通道暢通等。這些都被寫入了美國消防協會標準101—生命安全規範。

然而,不難發現這場災難牽涉的緊鎖緊急出口門,早在30年前的三角內衣工廠的火災中,就鎖死了女工的求生出路。雖然她們的枉死換來了法規的執行,但30年後,波士頓椰林夜總會的緊急出口依然上了鎖!從消防安全法規本該執行,到法規滴水不漏地嚴格執行,美國再犧牲了幾近500人的性命。

聖母天使學校成人間煉獄

1958年12月1日下午約2點,芝加哥聖母天使學校地下梯間的垃圾桶起火,並迅速蔓延到學校一樓和二樓。校內幾乎全為易燃木材,地面塗覆蓋的材料也是高燃性蠟或油品,既沒有自動灑水系統,走廊與樓梯亦無防火門,甚至缺乏自動火警鐘,遑論與消防部門直連的報警系統。大火吞噬了92名兒童和3名修女的生命。

這場災難迅速觸發芝加哥、伊利諾伊州乃至全美國學校安全規範的系統性升級。芝加哥開始強制兩層及以上木構學校建築安裝自動灑水滅火系統,完善校內火警系統,設立直接連接消防局的校外報警箱,每月定期在各學校舉行消防演練。其他各地也立即全面整治學校建築,關閉不合規的校舍,推動使用耐火材料(如混凝土、鋼材)和防火樓梯間、防火門,並完善多出口疏散,推廣自動報警聯動等配置。而101—生命安全規範經修訂後,明確了自動灑水滅火系統與防火分隔的重要性。

可怕的歷史一再重演。易燃的建築材料,缺失的自動灑水系統,失效的自動火警系統,沉痛的歷史教訓過了幾十年,還是犧牲了92個孩子的生命來鞏固。

一個世紀後的今天,在宏福苑的沖天火災裏,我們看到的不單是100多位香港人的性命,更是100多年裡每一場大火中的亡魂。我們祈禱傷口的痊癒,但無法抹去喪失親人的悲慟;我們期盼疤痕的褪淡,但用生命換來的教訓應該時刻謹記!如何不重蹈覆轍,如何不一錯再錯?只有生者警覺,才能讓逝者安息。

范亭亭博士
港大經管學院市場學首席講師 

(本文同時於二零二五年十二月十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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