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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Prediction Markets: Driven by Insight or Insider Information?

Prediction Markets: Driven by Insight or Insider Information?

11 Mar 2026
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預測市場靠眼光還是內幕

預測市場(prediction market)是以進行預測為目的而產生的一種投機市場。輸贏綁定某一特定事件(如美國和以色列空襲伊朗)或參數(如明日股市升跌),最終結果決定取得的金錢價值。假設市場認為伊朗戰勝的機會率是75%,此指數的價值就是$75,如伊朗真的勝出,指數價值便會升至$100,即有關事件已100%發生了。

預測市場平台的匿名用戶可對未來各種事件下注,不須繳付交易費,資金主要來自投資者。

基於結果的期權產品成新戰場

預測市場漸受追捧,Polymarket 與 Kalshi  在上月的總交投量創下175 億美元的新高位。傳統交易所也考慮發展相關功能,例如納斯達克已向美國證券交易委員會(SEC)提交申請,計劃推出與旗下納斯達克100 指數掛鉤的二元結構產品,交易價格將依市場對特定結果發生機會率的判斷而波動。

紐約證券交易所母公司洲際交易所(ICE)去年宣布對 Polymarket 投資約 20 億美元,芝加哥期權交易所(CBOE)母公司CBOE Global Markets 則傳出正評估重新推出「全有或全無」(all-or-nothing)期權合約。

Polymarket、Kalshi等預測市場平台,大多屬於商品期貨監管制度,由美國商品期貨交易委員會(CFTC)負責。納斯達克提出上述申請,在產品創新的背後意味着金融市場的態度轉變;若申請順利通過,二元期權將成為傳統證券交易所的嶄新產品,相信預測市場需遵照較高的合規標準。

不可不察的是,若納斯達克的新型合約產品獲准納入 SEC 的監管範圍,可能成為首次讓預測型交易工具進入傳統證券市場架構的重要里程碑。至於從商品期貨走進證券制度的發展,亦難免令 SEC 與 CFTC 之間的管轄界線再次成為關注核心。SEC 近期指出,預測市場或出現管轄權責重疊的情況,可見仍須協調監管。

內幕交易陰影揮之不去

從傳媒報導和社交平台討論或可推斷,在地緣政治市場中不乏內幕交易。今年 1 月,一個新開的平台帳戶押注委內瑞拉總統馬杜羅下台,短短1天之內,就賺了超過 40 萬美元。此一事件促使美國眾議員提出《2026 年金融預測市場公共誠信法案》,計劃禁止聯邦官員交易與政府政策掛鉤的預測市場合約。該平台提供的是透明資訊,讓用戶參考,抑或服務掌握機密的人,以便他們透過買賣資訊獲利?

預測市場為尚未發生的事件定價,其中有一重要假設:進入市場的資訊公開,但公告缺乏系統,如民調結果和公司業績報告。預測市場若涉及有人掌握他人不知且無法知道的資訊,等同將資訊不對稱貨幣商品化。只要包含洩露的機密情報或政府內部時間表而令預測準確,不論在任何具有公共意義的層面而言,就已不再是資訊市場,而是秘密交易的黑暗場所。

形同賭博衝擊道德底線

預測市場從邊緣的新奇事物,發展為公私營金融機構不能忽視的獨立融資生態系統。彭博市場去年的調查顯示,雖然傳統交易員認為預測市場上的金融產品具有持久生命力,但亦指出其中存在賭博與投資之間的模糊界線。

Polymarket 幾年前就曾因未經註冊營運而被禁,並須向 CFTC 支付140 萬美元罰款,直到最近才獲批准,重返美國市場。同時,眾議院內多名民主黨議員支持托雷斯(Ritchie Torres)所提出的法案,擬禁止政府內部人員利用非公開資訊在預測市場進行交易,皆因押注的時機反映實屬內幕交易,並非純粹按公開資訊作出預測。

儘管市場備受法律、政治壓力多重挑戰,參與熱度卻未見減少。事實上,預測市場正由體育博彩擴展至企業盈利數據等不同範圍,傳統賭博公司和對沖基金更正安排專家,透過低效定價進行交易。

去年,Polymarket 定出一個烏克蘭總統澤連斯基會否在 7 月前穿西裝的合約,吸引了數億美元的龐大交易量。最後澤連斯基身穿名牌黑色外套和長褲亮相,但預測市場的投票結果卻顯示他穿的不是西裝。背後原因,在於少數大型代幣持有者對相反結果押下巨額資金,由於他們掌握足夠投票權,足以推動一個對自己有利的決議。

顧名思義,預測市場無關於發現真相,其功能只在達成一個結算方案。大多數參與者相信什麼是事實毫不重要,最終有效的結果由系統認定,而當中每多牽涉資金、權力的鬥爭。利益愈大,涉及的各方勢力自然愈多,引發爭議就不足為奇。

灰色地帶的法律風險

參與者對地緣政治事件押注之際,軍事機密情報在公開前往往只有少數人知悉,因而造成嚴重資訊不對稱。市場平台容許高度匿名性,容易吸引特權知情者提前進行內幕交易。究竟是非法內幕交易還是合法預測,加以判斷殊非易事,反映預測市場在法規監管方面有待加強。

預測市場通過拓展交易的範圍,使幾乎任何事物都可交易,擴大了有價值內幕信息的來源。舉例來說,某中學設有「誰將成為畢業舞會舞王? 」的預測市場。你的朋友是全級最受歡迎的人,私下告知你無法參加舞會。 若你利用此信息進行交易,會否構成內幕交易?在法律層面,這繫於是否欺詐性違反承諾,任何此類承諾需按你和朋友之間的信息披露情境,而非基於對公司的明確義務或正式協議而定,以致提出內幕交易的訴訟障礙重重。

謝國生教授
港大經管學院金融學教學副教授、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

何敏淙
香港大學附屬學院經濟及商學學部助理學部主任、香港大學附屬學院講師

(本文同時於二零二六年三月十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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