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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Economic insecurity behind the macroeconomy

Economic insecurity behind the macroeconomy

31 Dec 2025
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宏觀經濟後的「經濟不安全」隱憂

2025年的全球經濟,僥倖地在特朗普顛覆性的對等關稅和各種不確定因素的威脅下,維持一定的韌性和達到約2.7%的增長。在今天送舊迎新之時,注意力自然放在短期的更替變動,但也不能忽略一些長期存在及積重難返的問題,如氣候變化、收入不均、債務危機、地緣衝突及各主要經濟體的內部失衡等。這些問題在2025年都沒有改善,甚至越趨嚴重。

若將視線放得更長,21世紀已過了四分之一,人類社會的進步,亦將生產和財富推至歷史高峰。據國際貨幣基金的初步估計,2025年的全球GDP 約為117萬億美元(按當前價格計算),而麥肯錫公司推算全球的實質財富約為600萬億美元,其中不包括資產方和負債方互相抵消的金融財富【註1】。若將這些數字除以83億全球人口,人均GDP約為14000美元,人均實質財富則為72000美元。當然 ,我們不能亦不應追求絕對的分配結果平等,但將這些數字和現實比較,也可以作為當前全球經濟的一個參照。明顯地,在宏觀數字背後,個人際遇絕大多數跟不上這些平均數字。

收入和財富不均,是眾所皆知的個人經驗和逃不開的現實。有關最新情況,可參看三週前才發表的《世界不平等報告2026》【註2】。正如一般預期,這份報告指出,全球收入和財富不均頑固地存在,而且程度不斷惡化。目前全球收入最高10%人士賺取了全球收入的53%,比2018年版同樣報告的52%提高了;而底層50%人士的收入,只佔全球收入的8%,比2018年的10%降低了。與收入比較,財富的分配更加不均。目前最富有的10%人士,擁有全球財富的75%,而低層的50%人士只擁有全球財富的2%。再看哪些超級富豪,全球最富有的0.001%人口(約5.6萬) ,持有全球6%的財富,是全球比較不富有的一半人口(約41億) 的三倍。此外,若計算1995至今30年來財富的增長,頂層1%的富人,不但原有財富的基數高,增長率也較高,自然形成「富者越富」的局面。

收入或財富不高,若沒有太大變化,還可以盡量盤算如何量入為出。但在今天充滿變數的年代,無論是收入或支出,都容易出現很大波動。這幾年出現的新冠肺炎、貿易戰和關稅戰、供應鏈斷裂和重組、戰爭和制裁、氣候變化加上天災人禍、科技高速發展下的機遇和淘汰等等,都影響著政府、企業、和個人的收入和開支,給經濟生活蒙上一層不安感。那些處於極端貧窮或收入底層的人口,情況更為脆弱。「經濟不安全」(economic insecurity)已成為人類發展和經濟福祉的一個議題。

經濟不安全並不單指貧困和低收入,亦包括個人或家庭在面對經濟風險時缺乏資源、制度保障或其他應對能力,因而產生對生活水平下降的憂慮。有關風險是多方面的,無論是就業、醫療、住房、教育、社會保障等,都可以在經濟不確定的環境下隨時出現困難。然而,「不安全」的概念相對模糊,並不容易定義,更不好量度。作為一個有趣例子,可以看看美國聯邦儲備局(美聯儲)的一個年度調查。美聯儲詢問樣本中的12000個成人,有沒有足夠的現金和儲蓄,應付突如其來400美元的開支,如汽車維修或醫療費用。在最近三年的調查中,都只有63%回應說可以,其餘的要靠信用卡、借錢或變賣家中物品來應付,而樣本的13%更表明沒有任何辦法籌措這額外的400元。美國是全球生產和財富最多的國家,也有37%人在財務上「不堪一擊 」,這自然反映出美國收入和財富分配的極端不均,及相對低的個人儲蓄率。類似的個人或家庭經濟狀況,美國稱為ALICE, 即「有工作但資產有限收入有限」(asset limited, income constrained, employed),而在最近的中文網媒,網民以遊戲術語「斬殺線」來形容有關的臨界點,成為一時熱話。

當然,經濟的脆弱性並不限於美國低收入階層。根據聯合國發表的《2025年世界社會報告》【註3】,全球竟有60%人口因不同原因處於經濟不安全狀況。這包括了8億多人均每日消費3美元或以下的極端貧窮人口。3美元正是世界銀行最新的極端貧窮線。即使以世界銀行為中上收入國家制定的人均每日消費8.3美元的貧窮線來看,也不能帶來足夠的安全感,一旦受到經濟上的衝擊,很容易下滑至極端貧窮水平。現時每天生活費用在3至8.3美元之間的人口就有約 30億,即全球人口的三分之一,都處於這種情況。此外,即使有工作收入,可以有一定的消費水平,但在全球經濟不確定的情況下,工作的穩定性成疑。大部分在發展中國家的工作,都是非正規部門的工作,缺乏勞動法和制度上的保障。如果有關勞工的就業受到關稅和供應鏈重組影響,更容易感到不安。近年的創新科技突飛猛進,但都比較偏好資本和技術勞工,同時容易取締非技術勞工,添加了底層勞工的焦慮。

經濟不安全感直接減少消費意欲,除非收入和消費水平已低至基本生存要求所需。中國的消費率長期處於約40%的低位,不能說與個人或家庭的經濟不安全感無關。相反,美國處於全球經濟不確定的中心,而消費率長期維持高水平,表面上沒有經濟不安全帶來的低消費隱憂。但若細看數據,不難發現美國的消費力主要來自高收入及富有人士。當前美國頂層收入10%的家庭,佔去全國消費額的接近一半。這個比例在90年代只有三分之一,低收入階層的消費增長遠遠不及他們的高收入同胞。

經濟不安全不只是經濟範疇,也直接影響到社會和政治事務。經濟不安全降低了承受風險和損失的能力,而減少風險的一個做法是對他人和新生事物保持懷疑與不易輕信的態度。長期的經濟分層和階層固化,又減少跨階級的溝通和社會經驗的共享。這些都減少社會的和諧感及凝聚力。如果經濟壓力和不安全感被理解為社會不公或個人權益被剝奪的結果,會衍生出對權力和制度象徵疏離甚至怨恨,如社會精英或政府部門。

經濟不安全有相當程度的個人心理因素,也是事情發生前的主觀概率。事後的宏觀經濟數據,不能反映出芸芸眾生的內心糾結。2026年即將來臨,全球經濟看來安全渡過了過去一年的風雲變幻,但當前的政經局面,仍只是世紀大變局的開端,充滿了各方面的波詭雲譎。在期望經濟不受嚴重衝擊的同時,也希望壓力不要全落在低階層民眾的身上。

【註1】https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/out-of-balance-whats-next-for-growth-wealth-and-debt

【註2】https://wir2026.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2025/12/World_Inequality_Report_2026.pdf

【註3】https://desapublications.un.org/file/21124/download

陸炎輝博士
港大經管學院榮譽副教授

(本文同時於二零二五年十二月三十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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