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Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Deployment Tactics and Catalysts for Expanding Hong Kong’s Captive Insurance Market

Deployment Tactics and Catalysts for Expanding Hong Kong’s Captive Insurance Market

12 Nov 2025
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開拓香港專屬自保公司的策略佈局與契機

上周在本欄分析自保公司在風險管理、成本控制方面具有優勢,但並非所有企業都適合設立自保公司。究竟須具備什麼條件,才能實現預期的風險分散目標,而避免對企業構成新風險源?

正視潛在風險和局限性

為達致自保效益,企業必須規模大、資本實力穩健、管理能力全面,並備妥損失記錄,以便準確地進行風險定價。為此,企業應事前結合精算分析、稅務與法律諮詢,綜合評估其風險特徵與資金需求,以確保自保公司能有助於控制成本,同時提升企業整體財務韌性。

由於其風險主要留在企業內部,自保公司要是準備金不足或投資虧損,就可能資不抵債。自保的企業因主要業務並非保險,若缺乏合格的保險精算、承保管理等專業人員,則無法準確評估風險與定價,以致難以保障財務安全。

以美國Spirit商業汽車風險保有集團為例,該集團由卡車運輸公司聯合設立,主要提供商業汽車責任保險。2019年2月,內華達州第八司法區法院(the Eighth Judicial District Court of Nevada)裁定Spirit資不抵債,下令將其接管。Spirit的倒閉凸顯了風險保有集團(risk retention group;簡稱RRG)模式的結構脆弱性:資本金和準備金不足會擴大經營風險,董事會缺乏保險專業背景,風險管理與財務監管也就形同虛設。由於RRG不受州擔保基金保障,一旦破產,保單持有人須自行尋找替代保險,並自行承擔潛在賠付損失【註1】。

醫療責任險方面。2025年4月,CARE Professional Liability Association旗下的CARE RRG在一宗醫療事故仲裁案中未能及時達成和解,被判賠償3540萬美元,因資不抵債被佛蒙特州高級法院裁定須受強制接管;法院亦命令取消所有在保的CARE RRG保單,以及暫停支付賠償60天【註2】。這一案例顯示,在醫療責任險等高風險、長尾業務中,RRG模式尤其不穩。

有關學術研究雖然不多,卻足以表明自保公司理論上的效益不易實現。根據Porat和Powers推算,企業設立自保公司,主要為求提升企業風險管理者的地位與聲望,而非股東價值,因此可能反映管理層的代理問題【註3】。Scordis和Porat更為此假設提供支援性的實證,因為當企業的自由現金流愈充沛、自由現金流的波動性愈高、投資機會愈少,則設立單一母公司自保公司的可能性愈高【註4】。Cross, Davidson 與Thornton發現母公司支付給自保公司的保費若可抵稅,對公司股價有正面反應;否則就呈負面反應【註5】。Schmit與Roth發現使用自保公司的企業風險成本反而更高【註6】。Adams和Hillier對91家美國公司公告成立自保公司進行研究,並未發現股市有顯著的正面反應【註7】。

借鑑獅城 奮起直追

2012年6月,中央政府鼓勵內地企業在港設立自保公司;特區政府於翌年加以積極推動,主要舉措包括:自2013至14年度起,將自保公司離岸風險利得稅減半;2014年開始向內地企業推廣本港在風險管理的優勢;利得稅減半措施於2018至19年度擴展至在岸風險業務,自保公司實際利得稅率降至8.25%(低於新加坡的10%);2021年3月實施的《2020年保險業(修訂)條例》,更拓寬自保公司的可保風險範圍。

截至2025年8月,儘管自保公司數量只有6家:中廣核自保公司、中石化自保公司、中海石油自保公司、上海電氣自保公司、上汽集團自保公司,以及本年5月由滙豐銀行設立而成為首家跨國企業在港註冊的自保公司Wayfoong(Asia)Limited,卻也突出除了滿足中資企業的需求,香港也兼備吸引國際金融機構設立高水準風險融資結構的能力。鑑於新加坡已成為亞洲自保保險中心,在2025年6月底擁有89家自保公司,香港須加把勁從後趕上。

理想條件與市場潛力

香港不單有具國際水準與規模的銀行業和資本市場,也是國際保險中心之一。截至2025年6月,香港有107家註冊的商業保險公司可提供財產與責任險,2024年總毛保費錄得1005億港元;反觀新加坡2024年有79家同類公司,總毛保費為630億港元。這為香港發展自保中心提供了保險與精算的人才庫和再保險服務。和新加坡一樣,香港也有完善的普通法法律體系、自由流動的資本制度、和與國際接軌的保險監管框架。香港也彙聚了豐富的專業服務資源,為自保運營提供了人才保障。

香港為自保公司提供利得稅優惠之餘,審批條件也較寬鬆,最低資本要求為200萬港元,略低於新加坡40萬新元的資本要求。再者,香港的獨特優勢在於其作為外資進入中國內地的窗口和眾多內地企業出海的橋頭堡,國內不乏在航運、新能源、核能產業的龍頭企業,對新型風險管理工具需求殷切,為吸引內地企業來港設立自保公司提供了難得的機遇。事實上,目前香港的6家自保公司中,就有5家由內地企業成立。至於滙豐的自保公司選址本港,正是看中了其通往內地的門戶地位,以及與國際金融中心和全球再保險市場的緊密聯繫。

政府牽頭 周全部署

新加坡之所以成為亞洲主要自保中心,得益於其先發優勢、長期積累的行業經驗和完善的自保生態體系。自1980年代初,澳洲母公司開始將自保公司落戶新加坡,日本跨國企業隨後而至。自2000年起,新加坡政府積極推行建設自保中心的戰略,該國逐漸形成了成熟且國際化的專屬自保生態圈,涵蓋自保管理、法律、會計、銀行及投資等全套專業服務。

相較之下,香港起步較晚,目前障礙之一是還未具備一套完整的服務、支援自保公司的生態系統。自保機構通常採用法定會計準則,該準則通過保守的資產確認和負債計提方式優先保障償付能力,有別於側重投資者決策的通用會計準則。儘管香港是擁有健全基礎服務的金融中心,但仍需假以時日,方能構建完善的自保保險生態圈。筆者建議特區政府持續發展專業配套服務,包括自保管理、會計和法律等領域的人才培養。

香港面臨的另一個挑戰是,內地企業高管對於通過成立自保公司來管理風險普遍缺乏瞭解,對自保的需求未免不足。政府應主動出擊,成立相關專班,加強對內地企業和風險管理人員的宣傳和推廣,同時繼續優化政策和監管措施,吸引自保公司前來,使企業在享受稅收優惠的同時,更高效地開展風險管理。如此一來,應有望加速提升香港在區內自保市場的競爭力。

註1:“3 Lessons from the Spirit Commercial Auto RRG Failure.” Captive.com, International Risk Management Institute, Inc., 27 Mar. 2019, www.captive.com/news/3-lessons-from-the-spirit-commercial-auto-rrg-failure.

註2:Simpson, Andrew G. “Vermont Takes Over Medical Liability Insurer CARE RRG Facing $35.4M Judgment.” Insurance Journal, 28 Apr. 2025, www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2025/04/28/821485.htm.

註3:Porat, M. Moshe, and Michael R. Powers. “Captive insurance tax policy: Resolving a global problem. ” The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice 20.2 (1995): 197–229.

註4:Scordis, Nicos A., and M. Moshe Porat. “Captive insurance companies and manager-owner conflicts. ” Journal of Risk and Insurance (1998): 289–302.

註5:Cross, Mark L., Wallace N. Davidson, and John H. Thornton. “Taxes, stock returns and captive insurance subsidiaries. ” The Journal of Risk and Insurance 55.2 (1988): 331–338.

註6:Schmit, Joan T., and Kendall Roth. “Cost effectiveness of risk management practices. ” Journal of Risk and Insurance (1990): 455–470.

註7:Adams, Mike, and David Hillier. “Do Insurance Captives Enhance Shareholders’ Value?. ” Risk Management 4.1 (2002): 29–39.

鄒宏教授
港大經管學院金融學教授

張倩倩
港大經管學院金融學博士生

(本文同時於二零二五年十一月十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

 

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