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Home Research Thought Leadership FT Chinese Column
A New Era of Globalisation Co-led by Chinese Enterprises Has Arrived

A New Era of Globalisation Co-led by Chinese Enterprises Has Arrived

11 Jun 2026
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由中企共同主演的全球化時代經已來臨

過去逾半個世紀的全球商業史,有兩個令人印象深刻的景象。 一是通用汽車、可口可樂、麥當勞、星巴克、耐克、蘋果、特斯拉等美企席捲全球; 二是豐田、索尼、迅銷等日企在海外市場攻城掠地。 如今,比亞迪、寧德時代、字節跳動 (TikTok)、拼多多(Temu) 等中企,正掀起新一輪全球化浪潮。

企業全球化的共同誘因

儘管時代不同,中企全球化的內驅力,與美企和日企有相似之處。 中、美、日三國均擁有龐大的國內市場,足以讓本國企業發展壯大。 當國內市場階段性飽和,本國企業便向外發展。 三國企業除拓展海外市場外,還輸出供應鏈,包括品牌、技術、管理及生產等。 一方面,利用發展中國家廉價的生產要素是共同動機; 另一方面,中企與日企也需要規避關稅。

在晉身成為跨國企業的過程中,三國企業均得益於其產業優勢。 在戰後乃至全球化高峰時期,美企憑藉標準化管理制度,以及科技與文化實力,率先佔據全球市場。 上世紀90年代,日企則憑藉精益生產,后發制人。 到今天,中企依託母國強大的研發與製造能力,得以提供極具性價比的產品,備受全球消費者喜愛。

企業全球化對本國的利弊

本國企業全球化的好處是顯而易見的。 美企長期主導研發、設計、品牌、智慧財產權等高增值環節,將製造等低增值環節外包,在全球範圍內賺取豐厚利潤。 這些收益為美國吸引全球頂尖人才提供巨大優勢,並在金融業的槓桿效應下不斷擴大。 而日企的全球化,則使其走出本國紅海市場,在海外覓得良好投資管道。 在這個過程中,日企將龐大的海外收益回流,支撐著本國的總部經濟。 中企「出海」的得益或許與日企更相似,但不同之處在於,中國的內需市場遠大於日本,中企在海外市場取得成功所反哺的國內品牌價值,或許更為重大。

誠言,企業全球化難免對母國經濟與社會造成衝擊。 例如美國的鐵鏽地帶與貧富差距,以及日本在「消失的三十年」中的產業空洞化,均與之有一定關聯。 不過需要指出的是,日本進出口業的萎縮更多是由於《廣場協定》及後來日圓的暴漲,而金融和房地產出現泡沫並破滅也有經濟政策施行不當的原因。

中國與日本的情況存在明顯差異,雖然人民幣正面對升值壓力,但中國對美國具備議價實力,正有效管控匯率,持續支撐本國的出口。 此外,儘管全球企業將製造基地分散佈局,但中國仍是世界上最主要的製造基地。 考慮到中國藍領就業需求十分龐大,關係到國計民生,中國政府一直對實體經濟的發展高度重視。

中企全球化的機遇與挑戰

無論如何,中企全球化是中國國力上升的必然結果。 在這個過程中,中企將面對一些新機遇與新挑戰。

第一,自由主義的高峰期已過,今天的世界不但講求效率,還講求更廣泛的國家安全。 美日企業出海的時代,正值自由貿易多邊體制走向巔峰。 當時在關稅及貿易總協定與世界貿易組織的多方努力下,全球貿易壁壘逐年降低。 而今天中企的全球化,需要面對日趨嚴格的監管環境。 在移動互聯網及人工智慧時代下,貿易摩擦不但包括傳統的關稅與配額壁壘,還延伸至供應鏈審查、數據安全合規,以及技術轉讓限制等。

第二,中企在佔據全球價值鏈高端的過程中,無可避免要在品牌等各方面,與發達國家的強大企業進行激烈競爭。 這與美企全球化之初甚為不同,當時包括中企在內的發展中國家企業,更多只是為美企代工,雙方品牌競爭並不普遍。 儘管如此,相對於美企的全球化,今天中企的全球化有更大的增長潛力,這主要是由於今天的美國市場遠比從前的中國市場大,而今天的全球南方市場也遠大於從前。

全球化邁向新時代

中企的全球擴張,標誌著由發達國家主導的全球化出現新局面。 過去美、日等發達國家企業全球化的成功之道,在於相容性和在地化。 面對出海挑戰,預料中企將仿效成功經驗,積極創造在地化價值,以實現受歡迎的海外業務擴張。 這包括與當地持份者構建互利共嬴的合作生態,為目標國創造更多就業和稅收,並融合當地文化等。 在數據安全高度敏感的今天,中企或須探索多中心的治理模式,以滿足合規要求。

無論如何,中企已從全球化舞台的幕後走到前台,一個由中企共同主演的全球化時代經已來臨。

鄧希煒教授
香港大學協理副校長、港大經管學院副院長、馮國經馮國綸基金經濟學教授

(本文同時於二零二六年六月十一日載於《FT中文網》明德商論專欄)

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About Author
Prof. Heiwai TANG

Associate Vice-President (Global), The University of Hong Kong

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